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With Domotz network monitoring software you can monitor Linux machines and MAC OS via SNMP.

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It is sufficient to install an SNMP deamon on the Linux machine and make sure that the Domotz agent is using the same read-only community for that device.

In this articles you can find a list of instructions to learn how to enable SNMP for Linux and Mac OS.

Here is a list of instructions for installing SNMP deamons on most popular Linux distributions and on Mac OS:

For more information about configuring SNMP in Domotz see here.

At the end of this article, you will also find a practical use case for monitoring through Domotz the HW resources of your Linux machine, and a template to achieve that.

How to enable SNMP on Linux

Debian

1. Installation

2. Configuration

Edit the file: /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf with a text editor of your choice.

Add the following line:
rocommunity public

Note: The default Ubuntu 'snmpd' configuration specifically denies almost everything useful with this configuration (limiting access to just enough information to tell that the machine is a Linux one):
view systemonly included .1.3.6.1.2.1.1
view systemonly included .1.3.6.1.2.1.25.1
rocommunity public default -V systemonly
This configuration locks the machine down, which may be 'safe' if it will be on an insecure network with little SNMP administration knowledge available. However, if you are willing to monitor the performance of your machine with an external systems, comment them and replace the access with a secure mechanism (either with SNMP v3 or different community string).

Comment the line:
#agentAddress udp:127.0.0.1:161

Uncomment the line:
agentAddress udp:161,udp6:[::1]:161

Restart the snmpd service:

Ubuntu

1. Installation

2. Configuration

Edit the file: /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf with a text editor of your choice.

Add the following line:
rocommunity public

Note: The default Ubuntu 'snmpd' configuration specifically denies almost everything useful with this configuration (limiting access to just enough information to tell that the machine is a Linux one):
view systemonly included .1.3.6.1.2.1.1
view systemonly included .1.3.6.1.2.1.25.1
rocommunity public default -V systemonly
This configuration locks the machine down, which may be 'safe' if it will be on an insecure network with little SNMP administration knowledge available. However, if you are willing to monitor the performance of your machine with an external systems, comment them and replace the access with a secure mechanism (either with SNMP v3 or different community string).

Comment the line:
#agentAddress udp:127.0.0.1:161

Uncomment the line:
agentAddress udp:161,udp6:[::1]:161

Restart the snmpd service:

3. Allow SNMP ports in Firewall

https://coolzup245.weebly.com/egg-friend-mac-os.html. Execute the following commands to allow necessary ports:

CentOS

1. Installation

2. Configuration

Edit the file: /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

Add the following line:
rocommunity public

Replace the line below:
view systemview included .1.3.6.1.2.1.25.1.1
with the following line:
view systemview included .1.3.

Restart the snmpd service:

3. Allow SNMP ports in Firewall

Execute the following commands to allow necessary ports:

FreeBSD

1. Fetch Ports collection and install Installation

2. Configuration

Copy the following configuration file:
cp /usr/local/share/snmp/snmpd.conf.example /usr/local/etc/snmpd.conf

Add the following line:
rocommunity public

Comment the line:
#agentAddress udp:127.0.0.1:161

Uncomment the line:
agentAddress udp:161,udp6:[::1]:161

3. Allow SNMP ports in Firewall

Edit the /etc/rc.conf file and add the following lines:

snmpd_enable='YES'
snmpd_conffile='/usr/local/etc/snmpd.conf'

Uncomment the line:
agentAddress udp:161,udp6:[::1]:161

4. Start the Service

Edit the /etc/rc.conf file and add the following lines:

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

1. Installation

2. Configuration

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Edit the file: /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

Add the following lines:
rocommunity public
agentAddress udp:161,udp6:[::1]:161

Start the snmpd service:
systemctl enable snmpd && systemctl start snmpd

3. Allow SNMP ports in Firewall

Execute the following commands to allow necessary ports:

Edit the /etc/rc.conf file and add the following lines:

How to enable SNMP on Mac OS

1. Configuration

Edit the file: /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

Pushcat (itch) mac os. Add the following line:
rocommunity public

2. Start the SNMP service

Execute the following commands to allow necessary ports:

Monitoring SNMP OiD through Domotz

Once the SNMP daemon has been configured on the Linux machine, and the Community Strings (for V1 and V2 – or Credentials for V3) are matching between the Linux machine and the Domotz Agent, Domotz will automatically browse and report all the possible MIBs available for that specific Linux machine.

In particular, you can search with Domotz for any possible specific OiD available on that specific Linux Machine.

Open the Domotz App or the WebApp. Identify your Linux Machine. Under the tab SNMP/TCP click on Add an SNMP Sensor. You will be proposed with the entire list of SNMP OiD available for that specific device, and the possibility to search among the descriptions (available in the MIB available for that device):

You can for instance search for all the possible OiD which contains the word 'CPU' in their description, and then add the relevant ones.

By doing this, you can start monitoring the resource consumptions of your Linux machine.

Below in this article a few example of resource usage statistics extracted by Domotz out of a Linux machine using this mechanism.

CPU Usage

Through Domotz you can monitor either the spikes in the CPU usage as recorded by the CPU Load on 1 Min average:

Or the sustained CPU usage as recorded by the CPU Load on 15 Min average:

It is also possible to monitor the residual (idle) CPU available in the server:

Memory Usage

Through Domotz you can monitor the total available Memory on the Linux machine, or even more importantly the residual memory still free and available on the same:

Volume or Storage occupancy

It is also possible to add the monitoring of any volume or storage and their occupancy via the default hrStorageTable:

For more information about configuring SNMP in Domotz see here.

Alerts on resource usage

Both in the case of the above examples, you can configure alerts so that you are notified if any unexpected load is affecting your server or Linux machine.

For example you can monitor if the CPU Idle at a certain point goes below a certain threshold, or if the residual memory is too low to have a safe environment.

In order to configure alerts, visit the Alert tab, then select the Custom type under the Personal Alerts, and Configure an SNMP Alert.

You will be be provided with the option to select the previously added SNMP OiD as input for the alert.

You can then either decide to receive the notification via Email or Push Notification, as Personal Alerts, or receive the notifications on your preferred channel, via the Shared Alert configuration:

• through shared email addresses
• Your ticketing system or PSA tool integrated with Domotz (e.g. Datto Autotask, ConnectWise Manage, Syncro MSP, Zendesk, Freshservice, etc)
• Your company chat system (e.g. Microsoft Teams or Slack)
• Any Web Server through Web Hooks (or possible third party integrations via Zapier or Node-Red)

Add Resource Usage monitoring via templateing

With Domotz it is possible to configure the monitoring and alerting via SNMP for a specific Linux machine (or generically for any server) and then use that configuration as a template for all the other servers that need to be monitored.

This can be achieved by the Export/Import Device Settings and Properties capability.

Once you have completed the configuration of the SNMP parameters you are willing to monitor for a Linux machine, and the alerts' thresholds to get notified, click on the Export Device Settings and Properties.

A json file (like a template file) is generated and saved on your client with all the Domotz settings and properties for that specific device.

This same template json file can then be edited (e.g. to replace or remove some areas) and then used to apply the same SNMP settings (e.g. OiD to be monitored and their threshold) to all the other Linux machines that you are monitoring through Domotz.

This can be achieved from the Global Search and Manage functionality. Search for all the Linux machines you want to apply the template, select them with the multi-select check box, and then click on Import Device Settings and Properties:

Preconfigured Template for Linux Machine Resource usage Monitoring

The following file can be used as a baseline to build a template for monitoring resource usage of your Linux Machine:

In particular, once used for the Import Device Settings and Properties functionality, it will create 6 SNMP sensors (on CPU and Memory usage) and two triggers (alerts) on the usage of those resources:

Each device will then have the SNMP and TCP configured with the OiDs for monitoring CPU and Memory usage via SNMP:

So, you've decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac's performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we'll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

We'll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it's good to know the basic macOS timeline.

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn't new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have 'fuel' to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren't comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic 'room cleaners'. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it's most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

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Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That's why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you'll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn't always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it's possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

'I can't download an old version of Mac OS X'

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don't expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you've completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

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The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is 'captured' onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

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1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

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How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Brand new usa online casinos 2019. Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.